An Open-source Odyssey: Crafting Data Narratives with R

.title[
# An Open-source Odyssey: Crafting Data Narratives with R
]
.author[
### Data Visualization Camp - UoM Research Week 2023 Dr. Priyanga D. Talagala
]
.date[
### 01/12/2023 <img src="fig/ggplot2.png" width="200" /> <img src="fig/15_palmerpenguins2.png" width="200" />
]

---

## Welcome to the Data Visualization Camp - UoM Research Week 2023

### An Open-source Odyssey: Crafting Data Narratives with R 
--

Dr. Priyanga D. Talagala

Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Information Technology, UoM

PhD in Statistics, Monash University, Australia

Email: priyangad@uom.lk

Web: prital.netlify.app

My research focuses on statistical machine learning, data mining and time series and forecasting

---
## Workshop Website: datavizcamp.netlify.app

<img src="fig/QR.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

background-image:url('fig/tidyworkflow1.png')
background-position: 50% 80%
background-size: 85%
class: top, center
# Tidy Workflow
---

background-image:url('fig/tidyworkflow2.png')
background-position: 50% 80%
background-size: 85%
class: top, center
# Tidy Workflow
---

background-image:url('fig/tidyworkflow3.png')
background-position: 50% 80%
background-size: 85%
class: top, center
# Tidy Workflow
---

<!--Data visualization and storytelling has always been one of the most important phases of any data science pipeline involving extracting meaningful insights from data, regardless of the complexity of the data or the project. Take a simple example of ‘The Datasaurus Dozen’ — twelve different datasets depicted in the following figure.

https://towardsdatascience.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-grammar-of-graphics-for-effective-visualization-of-multi-dimensional-1f92b4ed4149-->

```r
library(datasauRus)
library(ggplot2)

datasaurus_dozen |>
  ggplot(aes(x, y, color = dataset)) +
  geom_point(show.legend = FALSE) +
  facet_wrap(~dataset, ncol = 4)
```

```r
head(datasaurus_dozen)
```

```
## # A tibble: 6 × 3
## dataset x y
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 dino 55.4 97.2
## 2 dino 51.5 96.0
## 3 dino 46.2 94.5
## 4 dino 42.8 91.4
## 5 dino 40.8 88.3
## 6 dino 38.7 84.9
```

] .pull-right[

]

---

## The Datasaurus Dozen

```r
library(datasauRus)
library(ggplot2)

datasaurus_dozen |>
  ggplot(aes(x, y, color = dataset)) +
  geom_point(show.legend = FALSE) +
  facet_wrap(~dataset, ncol = 4)
```

Summary statistics | 
-------------------|----
X Mean     | 54.263
Y Mean     | 47.832
X SD    | 16.765
Y SD     | 26.935
Corr.    |  -0.064

`The Datasaurus was created by Alberto Cairo`

] .pull-right[

]

<!-- https://r-mageddon.netlify.app/post/reanimating-the-datasaurus/

Can you guess what is common among these very different looking sets of data?

Essentially the Datasaurus Dozen is a playful twist on the classic statistical dataset; Anscombe’s Quartet. The Datasaurus Dozen is a group of twelve datasets, with nigh-identical summary statistics, but when plotted on a graph they prove to be distinctly dissimilar. Imagine my delight when I found the Datasaurus Dozen was available on CRAN in the datasauRus package.

https://towardsdatascience.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-grammar-of-graphics-for-effective-visualization-of-multi-dimensional-1f92b4ed4149

It turned out that creating an animated version of the Datasaurus Dozen was absurdly simple, taking only 4 lines of code.

This is a fun variant of the well known Anscombe’s quartet.

It seems crazy to me that all these datasets have the same means, standard deviations and correlations!

This is a fun variant of the well known Anscombe’s quartet, which many of you might be very familiar with, as depicted in the following figure.

The key takeaway from these demonstrations would be, “Do not trust your data blindly, and start modeling on your data”. Summary statistics can always be deceptive. Always visualize and understand your data attributes before moving on to feature engineering and building statistical, machine learning and deep learning models.

-->

---
class: inverse, middle, center

# Never trust summary statistics ALONE

##  Always visualize your data

<!-- http://www.thefunctionalart.com/2016/08/download-datasaurus-never-trust-summary.html

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/datasauRus/vignettes/Datasaurus.html

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/datasauRus/vignettes/Datasaurus.html
-->
---
class: inverse, middle, center

# The Grammar of Graphics

---

### The Book
# The Grammar of Graphics

---

#### R Base Graphics

.pull-left[
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

]
.pull-right[

]
---
class: middle, center
## The Grammar of Graphics

.pull-left[
Pie Chart
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Line Chart
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-14-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

]
.pull-right[

Bar Chart
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Scatterplot
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
].pull-right[

<img src="fig/7_GG_a.png" width="1223" height="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---

# The ggplot2 API

<img src="fig/ggplot.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

## Which dataset to plot?

---

.pull-left[
## `palmerpenguins` data
<!--The palmerpenguins data contains size measurements for three penguin species observed on three islands in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

https://allisonhorst.github.io/palmerpenguins/articles/intro.html
-->

The Palmer Archipelago penguins. Artwork by `@allison_horst`.

<img src="fig/18_culmen_depth.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
].pull-right[

```
# A tibble: 6 × 8
 species island bill_length_mm bill_depth_mm flipper_length_mm body_mass_g
 <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <int>
1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 18.7 181 3750
2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 17.4 186 3800
3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 18 195 3250
4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA
5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 19.3 193 3450
6 Adelie Torgersen 39.3 20.6 190 3650
# ℹ 2 more variables: sex <fct>, year <int>
```

```
Rows: 344
Columns: 8
$ species <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adel…
$ island <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgerse…
$ bill_length_mm <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 34.1, …
$ bill_depth_mm <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 18.1, …
$ flipper_length_mm <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181, 195, 193, 190, 186…
$ body_mass_g <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3475, …
$ sex <fct> male, female, female, NA, female, male, female, male…
$ year <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007…
```
]

---
## Which dataset to plot?

```r
ggplot() 
```

---
## Which dataset to plot?

```r
*ggplot(data = penguins)
```

---

## Mapping

---
## Which columns to use for x and y?

```r
ggplot(data = penguins,
*      mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
*                    y = body_mass_g))
```

---
class: middle, center

## Geometries

---
## How to draw the plot?

```r
ggplot(data = penguins,
       mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                     y = body_mass_g)) +
* geom_point()
```

---

## Data, Mapping and Geometries

<img src="fig/20_maingg.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
## How to draw the plot?

```r
ggplot(data = penguins) +
* geom_point(mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
*                          y = body_mass_g))
```

---

## How to draw the plot?

```r
ggplot() +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm, 
                           y = body_mass_g),
*            data = penguins)
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-38-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

## Mapping Colours

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
*                 color = species,
*                 shape = species))
```

---
## Mapping Colours

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
 geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
 y = body_mass_g,
* colour = flipper_length_mm < 205))
```

---
## Setting Colours

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g),
*                 colour = 'purple')
```

---

```r
ggplot(penguins, 
       aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
           y = body_mass_g,
           color = species, 
           shape = species)) +
  geom_point() +
* geom_density_2d()
```

- Syntax starts with `geom_*`.
- eg: geom_histogram(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot().
- Each shape has its own specific aesthetics arguments.

].pull-right[
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-46-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

]
--

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_histogram(
*   aes(x = flipper_length_mm))
```
].pull-right[

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-48-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
---

Each shape has its own specific aesthetics arguments.

`?geom_point`

---
class: middle, center

## Statistics

---
The statistic layer is responsible for calculating summary statistics for your data.

```r
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
* geom_bar() +
* geom_text(stat = "count", aes(label = ..count..), vjust = -0.5)
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-51-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

The statistic layer is responsible for calculating summary statistics for your data.

```r
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
* geom_bar(stat = "count") + # Default Setting
  geom_text(stat = "count", aes(label = ..count..), vjust = -0.5) 
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-52-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

Statistics  | Geometries
------------|----------
`stat_count` | `geom_bar`
`stat_boxplot` | `geom_boxplot`
`stat_identity` | `geom_col`
`stat_identity` | `geom_point`
`stat_bin`  | `geom_bar`, `geom_histogram`
`stat_density` | `geom_density`

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="fig/23_help.png" alt="?geom_boxplot" width="100%" />
?geom_boxplot
</div>
].pull-right[

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="fig/24_help.png" alt="?geom_bar" width="120%" />
?geom_bar
</div>
]
---
class: middle, center

## Scales

<img src="fig/25_scale.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

## Scales

The scale layer customizes how the values of the mapped variables are represented visually.

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
*                 color = species,
*                 shape = species))
```

---

## Scales

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
*                 color = species,
*                 shape = island))
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-59-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

## Scales manual

- It's recommended to use a named vector

```r
cols <- c("Adelie" = "red", "Chinstrap" = "blue", "Gentoo" = "darkgreen")

ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
*                 color = species)) +
* scale_colour_manual(values = cols)
```

---

## Scales

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point( aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
*                 color = bill_length_mm,
*                 shape = island))
```

---

## Scales

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                  y = body_mass_g,
                  color = species)) +
* scale_color_brewer(type = 'qual',
*                    palette =  'Dark2')
```

- `scale_<aesthetic>_<type>`

---

`RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all()`

<!--
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-66-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

-->

---

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                 y = body_mass_g,
*                color = species)) +
* scale_color_viridis_d()
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-69-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
--

- `viridis` and `RColorBrewer` provide different color scales that are robust to color-blindness.
--

- For details and an interactive palette selection tools see http://colorbrewer.org

---

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
                 y = body_mass_g,
                 color = species,
                 shape = species,
                 alpha = species)) +
* scale_x_continuous( breaks = c(170,200,230)) +
* scale_y_log10() +
* scale_colour_viridis_d(direction = -1, option= 'plasma') +
* scale_shape_manual( values = c(17,18,19)) +
* scale_alpha_manual( values = c( "Adelie" = 0.6, "Gentoo" = 0.5, #
*                                 "Chinstrap" = 0.7))
```

---
class: middle, center

## Facets

<img src="fig/28_facets.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
Facet layer allows you to create multiple plots, each showing a subset of your data.

## `facet_wrap()`

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(
    x = flipper_length_mm,
    y = body_mass_g)) + 
* facet_wrap(vars(species))
```

---
## `facet_wrap()`

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(
    x = flipper_length_mm,
    y = body_mass_g)) + 
  facet_wrap(vars(species),
*            scales = "free_x")
```

---

## `facet_grid()`

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_point(aes(
    x = flipper_length_mm,
    y = body_mass_g)) + 
* facet_grid( vars(species), vars(sex))
```

---
class: middle, center

## Coordinates

---
## Coordinates

How the plot's coordinate system is structured.

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_bar(aes(x= species, fill = species)) 
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-81-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
ggplot(penguins) +
  geom_bar(aes(x= species, fill = species)) +
* coord_flip()
```

--

- There are two types of coordinate systems:  
   - Linear coordinate systems
   - Non-linear coordinate systems 
--

- Linear coordinate systems : `coord_cartesian()`, `coord_flip()`, `coord_fixed()`
--

- Non-linear coordinate systems : eg : `coord_map()`, `coord_quickmap()`, `coord_sf()`, `coord_polar()`, `coord_trans()`

---
class: middle, center

## Themes

<img src="fig/32_themes.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
These are complete themes which control all **non-data** display.

```r
ggplot(data = penguins,
       aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
           y = body_mass_g)) +
  geom_point(aes(
    color = species,
    shape = species),
    size = 3,
    alpha = 0.8) +
* theme_minimal()
```

].pull-right[

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-86-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

--
.pull-left[

```r
ggplot(data = penguins,
 aes(x = flipper_length_mm,
 y = body_mass_g)) +
 geom_point(aes(
 color = species,
 shape = species),
 size = 3,
 alpha = 0.8) +
* theme_dark()
```
].pull-right[
<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-88-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
#### Create custom themes in ggplot.

```r
ggplot(penguins,
       aes(x = flipper_length_mm, y = body_mass_g)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = species, shape = species), size = 3, alpha = 0.8) +
  scale_color_viridis_d() +
* theme_minimal() +
* labs(
*   title = "Penguin size, Palmer Station LTER",
*   subtitle = "Flipper length and body mass for Adelie, Chinstrap and Gentoo Penguins",
*   x = "Flipper length (mm)", y = "Body mass (g)",
*   color = "Penguin species", shape = "Penguin species") +
* theme(
*   aspect.ratio = 1, legend.position = c(0.2, 0.7),
*   legend.background =
*     element_rect(
*       fill = "white",
*       color = NA),
*   plot.title.position = "plot",
*   plot.caption =
*     element_text(
*       hjust = 0,
*       face= "italic"),
*   plot.caption.position = "plot")
```

---

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-90-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
].pull-right[

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-91-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

<!--Why use custom themes?
ggplot2, a popular R package for visualization (used here interchangeably with ggplot), produces graphics with a recognizable default “style”. While the “baked-in” ggplot theme settings can work well from a design standpoint, there is also massive flexibility and potential for customization within the theme() function of ggplot. Almost any non-data component of a plot - axes, titles subtitles, gridlines, and more - can be specified within this function.

This customization can help you establish a personal or professional brand for your plots. Many organizations leverage ggplot themes in their publications to create a consistent style across graphics that they produce.

https://rpubs.com/mclaire19/ggplot2-custom-themes-->

---

background-image:url('fig/33_gg.png')
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 100%
class: top, center
---
class: inverse, middle, center

# ggplot2 extensions
---
background-image:url('fig/34_extension.png')
background-position: 50% 90%
background-size: 100%
class: top, center
### ggplot2 extensions: `https://exts.ggplot2.tidyverse.org/`

---

# 1. `patchwork` for plot composition

<img src="fig/35_patchwork.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
p1 <- ggplot(data = penguins, aes(x = flipper_length_mm, y = body_mass_g)) +
 geom_point(aes(color = species, shape = species), size = 2) +
 scale_color_manual(values = c("darkorange","darkorchid","cyan4")) +
 theme(aspect.ratio = 1)

p2 <- ggplot(data = penguins, aes(x = bill_length_mm, y = bill_depth_mm)) +
 geom_point(aes(color = species, shape = species), size = 2) +
 scale_color_manual(values = c("darkorange","darkorchid","cyan4")) +
 theme(aspect.ratio = 1)

p3 <- ggplot(data = penguins, aes(x = flipper_length_mm)) +
 geom_histogram(aes(fill = species), alpha = 0.5, position = "identity") +
 scale_fill_manual(values = c("darkorange","darkorchid","cyan4"))
```

---

```r
library(patchwork)
p1 + p3 
```

---

```r
library(patchwork)
(p1 | p2) / p3
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-95-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
library(patchwork)
p <- (p1 | p2) / p3

*p + plot_layout(guide = 'collect')
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-96-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
library(patchwork)
p <- (p1 | p2) / p3

p +
  plot_layout(guide = 'collect') +
  plot_annotation(
*   title = 'Size measurements for adult foraging penguins near Palmer Station, Antarctica',
*   tag_levels = 'A')
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-97-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
library(patchwork)
p <- (p1 | p2) / p3

p & 
* theme(legend.position =  'none')
```

---

# 2. `plotly`

An R package for creating **interactive web graphics** via the open source JavaScript graphing library plotly.js.

---

```r
p1 ## a ggplot object
```

---

```r
plotly::ggplotly(p1)
```

<div id="htmlwidget-38d8572115f958583047" style="width:100%;height:504px;" class="plotly html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-38d8572115f958583047">{"x":{"data":[{"x":[181,186,195,null,193,190,181,195,193,190,186,180,182,191,198,185,195,197,184,194,174,180,189,185,180,187,183,187,172,180,178,178,188,184,195,196,190,180,181,184,182,195,186,196,185,190,182,179,190,191,186,188,190,200,187,191,186,193,181,194,185,195,185,192,184,192,195,188,190,198,190,190,196,197,190,195,191,184,187,195,189,196,187,193,191,194,190,189,189,190,202,205,185,186,187,208,190,196,178,192,192,203,183,190,193,184,199,190,181,197,198,191,193,197,191,196,188,199,189,189,187,198,176,202,186,199,191,195,191,210,190,197,193,199,187,190,191,200,185,193,193,187,188,190,192,185,190,184,195,193,187,201],"y":[3750,3800,3250,null,3450,3650,3625,4675,3475,4250,3300,3700,3200,3800,4400,3700,3450,4500,3325,4200,3400,3600,3800,3950,3800,3800,3550,3200,3150,3950,3250,3900,3300,3900,3325,4150,3950,3550,3300,4650,3150,3900,3100,4400,3000,4600,3425,2975,3450,4150,3500,4300,3450,4050,2900,3700,3550,3800,2850,3750,3150,4400,3600,4050,2850,3950,3350,4100,3050,4450,3600,3900,3550,4150,3700,4250,3700,3900,3550,4000,3200,4700,3800,4200,3350,3550,3800,3500,3950,3600,3550,4300,3400,4450,3300,4300,3700,4350,2900,4100,3725,4725,3075,4250,2925,3550,3750,3900,3175,4775,3825,4600,3200,4275,3900,4075,2900,3775,3350,3325,3150,3500,3450,3875,3050,4000,3275,4300,3050,4000,3325,3500,3500,4475,3425,3900,3175,3975,3400,4250,3400,3475,3050,3725,3000,3650,4250,3475,3450,3750,3700,4000],"text":["flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3750 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: NA body_mass_g: NA species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3625 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4675 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3475 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 4250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 180 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 182 body_mass_g: 3200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 4500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 3325 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 194 body_mass_g: 4200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 174 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 180 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 180 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 183 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 172 body_mass_g: 3150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 180 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 178 body_mass_g: 3250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 178 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3325 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 180 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 4650 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 182 body_mass_g: 3150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3100 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3000 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 4600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 182 body_mass_g: 3425 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 179 body_mass_g: 2975 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 200 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 2900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 2850 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 194 body_mass_g: 3750 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 2850 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3350 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 4100 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 4450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4000 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 4200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3350 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 194 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 202 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 205 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 4450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 4350 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 178 body_mass_g: 2900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 4100 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 3725 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 203 body_mass_g: 4725 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 183 body_mass_g: 3075 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 4250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 2925 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 3750 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3175 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 4775 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3825 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 4600 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3200 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 4275 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 4075 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 2900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 3775 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3350 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3325 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3150 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 176 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 202 body_mass_g: 3875 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 186 body_mass_g: 3050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 4000 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3275 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4000 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3325 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 4475 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3425 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3175 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 200 body_mass_g: 3975 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 4250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3475 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 3050 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3725 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 3000 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 4250 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 184 body_mass_g: 3475 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3750 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Adelie species: Adelie","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 4000 species: Adelie species: Adelie"],"type":"scatter","mode":"markers","marker":{"autocolorscale":false,"color":"rgba(255,140,0,1)","opacity":1,"size":7.559055118110237,"symbol":"circle","line":{"width":1.8897637795275593,"color":"rgba(255,140,0,1)"}},"hoveron":"points","name":"Adelie","legendgroup":"Adelie","showlegend":true,"xaxis":"x","yaxis":"y","hoverinfo":"text","frame":null},{"x":[192,196,193,188,197,198,178,197,195,198,193,194,185,201,190,201,197,181,190,195,181,191,187,193,195,197,200,200,191,205,187,201,187,203,195,199,195,210,192,205,210,187,196,196,196,201,190,212,187,198,199,201,193,203,187,197,191,203,202,194,206,189,195,207,202,193,210,198],"y":[3500,3900,3650,3525,3725,3950,3250,3750,4150,3700,3800,3775,3700,4050,3575,4050,3300,3700,3450,4400,3600,3400,2900,3800,3300,4150,3400,3800,3700,4550,3200,4300,3350,4100,3600,3900,3850,4800,2700,4500,3950,3650,3550,3500,3675,4450,3400,4300,3250,3675,3325,3950,3600,4050,3350,3450,3250,4050,3800,3525,3950,3650,3650,4000,3400,3775,4100,3775],"text":["flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 188 body_mass_g: 3525 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 3725 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 178 body_mass_g: 3250 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 3750 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 194 body_mass_g: 3775 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 185 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3575 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 181 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 2900 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3300 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 200 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 200 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3700 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 205 body_mass_g: 4550 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3200 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3350 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 203 body_mass_g: 4100 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 3900 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3850 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4800 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 192 body_mass_g: 2700 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 205 body_mass_g: 4500 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 3550 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 3500 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 196 body_mass_g: 3675 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 4450 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 190 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3250 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3675 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 199 body_mass_g: 3325 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 201 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3600 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 203 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 187 body_mass_g: 3350 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 197 body_mass_g: 3450 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 191 body_mass_g: 3250 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 203 body_mass_g: 4050 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 202 body_mass_g: 3800 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 194 body_mass_g: 3525 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 206 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 189 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 195 body_mass_g: 3650 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 207 body_mass_g: 4000 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 202 body_mass_g: 3400 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 193 body_mass_g: 3775 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4100 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap","flipper_length_mm: 198 body_mass_g: 3775 species: Chinstrap species: Chinstrap"],"type":"scatter","mode":"markers","marker":{"autocolorscale":false,"color":"rgba(153,50,204,1)","opacity":1,"size":7.559055118110237,"symbol":"triangle-up","line":{"width":1.8897637795275593,"color":"rgba(153,50,204,1)"}},"hoveron":"points","name":"Chinstrap","legendgroup":"Chinstrap","showlegend":true,"xaxis":"x","yaxis":"y","hoverinfo":"text","frame":null},{"x":[211,230,210,218,215,210,211,219,209,215,214,216,214,213,210,217,210,221,209,222,218,215,213,215,215,215,216,215,210,220,222,209,207,230,220,220,213,219,208,208,208,225,210,216,222,217,210,225,213,215,210,220,210,225,217,220,208,220,208,224,208,221,214,231,219,230,214,229,220,223,216,221,221,217,216,230,209,220,215,223,212,221,212,224,212,228,218,218,212,230,218,228,212,224,214,226,216,222,203,225,219,228,215,228,216,215,210,219,208,209,216,229,213,230,217,230,217,222,214,null,215,222,212,213],"y":[4500,5700,4450,5700,5400,4550,4800,5200,4400,5150,4650,5550,4650,5850,4200,5850,4150,6300,4800,5350,5700,5000,4400,5050,5000,5100,4100,5650,4600,5550,5250,4700,5050,6050,5150,5400,4950,5250,4350,5350,3950,5700,4300,4750,5550,4900,4200,5400,5100,5300,4850,5300,4400,5000,4900,5050,4300,5000,4450,5550,4200,5300,4400,5650,4700,5700,4650,5800,4700,5550,4750,5000,5100,5200,4700,5800,4600,6000,4750,5950,4625,5450,4725,5350,4750,5600,4600,5300,4875,5550,4950,5400,4750,5650,4850,5200,4925,4875,4625,5250,4850,5600,4975,5500,4725,5500,4700,5500,4575,5500,5000,5950,4650,5500,4375,5850,4875,6000,4925,null,4850,5750,5200,5400],"text":["flipper_length_mm: 211 body_mass_g: 4500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4450 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 218 body_mass_g: 5700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 211 body_mass_g: 4800 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 219 body_mass_g: 5200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 209 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5150 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 5850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 5850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4150 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 221 body_mass_g: 6300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 209 body_mass_g: 4800 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 5350 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 218 body_mass_g: 5700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5050 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5100 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4100 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4600 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 5250 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 209 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 207 body_mass_g: 5050 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 6050 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5150 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 4950 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 219 body_mass_g: 5250 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4350 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 5350 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 3950 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 225 body_mass_g: 5700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 4900 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 225 body_mass_g: 5400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 5100 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 225 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 4900 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5050 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4450 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 224 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 221 body_mass_g: 5300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 231 body_mass_g: 5650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 219 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 229 body_mass_g: 5800 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 223 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 221 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 221 body_mass_g: 5100 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 5200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5800 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 209 body_mass_g: 4600 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 220 body_mass_g: 6000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 4750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 223 body_mass_g: 5950 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4625 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 221 body_mass_g: 5450 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4725 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 224 body_mass_g: 5350 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 228 body_mass_g: 5600 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 218 body_mass_g: 4600 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 218 body_mass_g: 5300 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4875 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5550 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 218 body_mass_g: 4950 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 228 body_mass_g: 5400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 4750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 224 body_mass_g: 5650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 226 body_mass_g: 5200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4925 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 4875 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 203 body_mass_g: 4625 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 225 body_mass_g: 5250 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 219 body_mass_g: 4850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 228 body_mass_g: 5600 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 4975 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 228 body_mass_g: 5500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 4725 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 5500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 210 body_mass_g: 4700 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 219 body_mass_g: 5500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 208 body_mass_g: 4575 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 209 body_mass_g: 5500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 216 body_mass_g: 5000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 229 body_mass_g: 5950 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 4650 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5500 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 4375 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 230 body_mass_g: 5850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 217 body_mass_g: 4875 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 6000 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 214 body_mass_g: 4925 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: NA body_mass_g: NA species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 215 body_mass_g: 4850 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 222 body_mass_g: 5750 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 212 body_mass_g: 5200 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo","flipper_length_mm: 213 body_mass_g: 5400 species: Gentoo species: Gentoo"],"type":"scatter","mode":"markers","marker":{"autocolorscale":false,"color":"rgba(0,139,139,1)","opacity":1,"size":7.559055118110237,"symbol":"square","line":{"width":1.8897637795275593,"color":"rgba(0,139,139,1)"}},"hoveron":"points","name":"Gentoo","legendgroup":"Gentoo","showlegend":true,"xaxis":"x","yaxis":"y","hoverinfo":"text","frame":null}],"layout":{"margin":{"t":23.305936073059364,"r":7.3059360730593621,"b":37.260273972602747,"l":48.949771689497723},"plot_bgcolor":"rgba(235,235,235,1)","paper_bgcolor":"rgba(255,255,255,1)","font":{"color":"rgba(0,0,0,1)","family":"","size":14.611872146118724},"xaxis":{"domain":[0,1],"automargin":true,"type":"linear","autorange":false,"range":[169.05000000000001,233.94999999999999],"tickmode":"array","ticktext":["170","180","190","200","210","220","230"],"tickvals":[170,180,190,200,210,220,230],"categoryorder":"array","categoryarray":["170","180","190","200","210","220","230"],"nticks":null,"ticks":"outside","tickcolor":"rgba(51,51,51,1)","ticklen":3.6529680365296811,"tickwidth":0.66417600664176002,"showticklabels":true,"tickfont":{"color":"rgba(77,77,77,1)","family":"","size":11.68949771689498},"tickangle":-0,"showline":false,"linecolor":null,"linewidth":0,"showgrid":true,"gridcolor":"rgba(255,255,255,1)","gridwidth":0.66417600664176002,"zeroline":false,"anchor":"y","title":{"text":"flipper_length_mm","font":{"color":"rgba(0,0,0,1)","family":"","size":14.611872146118724}},"hoverformat":".2f"},"yaxis":{"domain":[0,1],"automargin":true,"type":"linear","autorange":false,"range":[2520,6480],"tickmode":"array","ticktext":["3000","4000","5000","6000"],"tickvals":[3000,4000,5000,6000],"categoryorder":"array","categoryarray":["3000","4000","5000","6000"],"nticks":null,"ticks":"outside","tickcolor":"rgba(51,51,51,1)","ticklen":3.6529680365296811,"tickwidth":0.66417600664176002,"showticklabels":true,"tickfont":{"color":"rgba(77,77,77,1)","family":"","size":11.68949771689498},"tickangle":-0,"showline":false,"linecolor":null,"linewidth":0,"showgrid":true,"gridcolor":"rgba(255,255,255,1)","gridwidth":0.66417600664176002,"zeroline":false,"anchor":"x","title":{"text":"body_mass_g","font":{"color":"rgba(0,0,0,1)","family":"","size":14.611872146118724}},"hoverformat":".2f"},"shapes":[{"type":"rect","fillcolor":null,"line":{"color":null,"width":0,"linetype":[]},"yref":"paper","xref":"paper","x0":0,"x1":1,"y0":0,"y1":1}],"showlegend":true,"legend":{"bgcolor":"rgba(255,255,255,1)","bordercolor":"transparent","borderwidth":1.8897637795275593,"font":{"color":"rgba(0,0,0,1)","family":"","size":11.68949771689498},"title":{"text":"species","font":{"color":"rgba(0,0,0,1)","family":"","size":14.611872146118724}}},"hovermode":"closest","barmode":"relative"},"config":{"doubleClick":"reset","modeBarButtonsToAdd":["hoverclosest","hovercompare"],"showSendToCloud":false},"source":"A","attrs":{"16a44f942e0":{"x":{},"y":{},"colour":{},"shape":{},"type":"scatter"}},"cur_data":"16a44f942e0","visdat":{"16a44f942e0":["function (y) ","x"]},"highlight":{"on":"plotly_click","persistent":false,"dynamic":false,"selectize":false,"opacityDim":0.20000000000000001,"selected":{"opacity":1},"debounce":0},"shinyEvents":["plotly_hover","plotly_click","plotly_selected","plotly_relayout","plotly_brushed","plotly_brushing","plotly_clickannotation","plotly_doubleclick","plotly_deselect","plotly_afterplot","plotly_sunburstclick"],"base_url":"https://plot.ly"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---
class:  middle, center

# 3. `gganimate`

---

```r
library("ggplot2")
library("dlstats")

data <- cran_stats("ggplot2")

p <- ggplot(data, aes(x= end, y = downloads)) +
 geom_line() +
 labs(title = "Download stats of ggplot2 package", x = "Time", y = "Downloads")

p
```

---

```r
library(gganimate)
p + 
* transition_reveal(along = end)
```

- Sometimes you might need to install the `png` and `gifski` packages and restart the R-Studio.

<!--

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59664377/gganimate-plot-not-showing-and-saving-bunch-of-pngs

And then, I installed the png and gifski packages and restart the R-Studio. It's working. I think, you can try this.-->
---

```r
p <- ggplot(penguins, aes(flipper_length_mm, body_mass_g , color = species)) +
 geom_point() + scale_color_viridis_d() +
 labs(title = "Measurements of penguins {closest_state}")+
* transition_states(states = year) + enter_grow() + exit_fade()
p
```

![](fig/39_gganim.gif)

---

# 4. `ggrepel`

<img src="fig/37_ggrepel.png" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
### Text annotation

```r
df <- penguins |>
 filter( flipper_length_mm > 225 )

ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g))+
  geom_point()+
  theme(aspect.ratio = 1) + 
* geom_text(data= df,
*           aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g, label= island))
```

<img src="Data_visualization_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-106-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

### Text annotation

```r
ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g))+
  geom_point()+
  theme(aspect.ratio = 1) + 
* ggrepel::geom_text_repel(data= df,
*           aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g, label= island))
```

---
class:  middle, center

# 5. `ggforce`

<img src="fig/38_ggforce.jpeg" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

```r
library(ggforce)

penguins <- penguins |> drop_na()
p <- ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g))+
* geom_mark_ellipse(aes(
* filter = species == "Gentoo",
* label = 'Gentoo penguins'),
* description = 'Palmer Station Antarctica LTER and K. Gorman. 2020.') +
 geom_point()

p
```

---

```r
library(ggforce)
ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y= body_mass_g, color = species)) +
    geom_point() +
  scale_color_viridis_d() +
    facet_zoom(x = species == "Gentoo") 
```

---

# 6. `esquisse`

<img src="fig/42_esquisse.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

## Reverse Engineer Your Visualizations: From Plots to Code

```r
library("esquisse")

esquisse::esquisser()
# or with your data:
esquisse::esquisser(palmerpenguins::penguins)
```

---

## Key References

- ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis https://ggplot2-book.org/
- ggplot2 workshop by Thomas Lin Pedersen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h29g21z0a68